Table 1: Coded characteristics of the subjects.
Study N Gender Age (yr) Training VO2max protocol PreVO2max
(ml·kg-1min-1)
PostVO2max
(ml·kg-1min-1)
Control ES
Bar-Or &
Zwiren, 198920
22 M
24 F
9-10 Interval running 
20-25 min 
2-4 X/WK
9 weeks
Treadmill (M) 50.2 ± 6.3
(F)   44.2 ± 4.6
49.4 ± 4.8
46.1 ± 4.2
Yes 0.02
0.37
Bendict,
Vaccaro, &
Hatfield,
198521
3 M
8 F
9-11 Jump rope
1 hour
2 X/WK
5 min 
3 X/WK
8 weeks
Treadmill 42.4 ± 4.5 42.8 ± 4.3 No 0.02
Brown, Harrower, & Deeter, 197122 12 F 8-13 Running 
1-2 hours
4-5 X/WK
12 weeks
Treadmill 46.29 ± 8.4 53.6 ± 6.2 Yes 1.80
Conn, et al., 198823 9 M
13 F
9.5-12.9 Swimming
3500 yd 
4 X/WK
>35 weeks
Treadmill (M) 47.3 ± 6.7
(F) 40.3 ± 4.9
54.7 ± 7.9
48.5 ± 6.0
Yes 1.10
1.67
Cumming,
Goulding, &
Baggley,
196924
44 M 6th grade 9-month
phys educ
2 X/6 days
(1) 1 hr, 
2 X/WK
(2) no formal
(3) 30-45 min
Cycle 46.9 ± 3.3
47.6 ± 5.4
49.2 ± 6.0
47.1 ± 3.5
47.1 ± 4.6
49.8 ± 5.5
No 0.05
-0.10
-0.10
Docherty,
Wegner, &
Collis,
198725
23 M 11-13 Interval train
high-velocity-
low-resistance
3 X/WK
4 weeks
Cycle 47.0 ± 5.0 54.7 ± 4.9 Yes 1.9
Eisenman & Golding, 19749 16 F (G) 12-13
(W) 18-21
Running and bench stepping
30 min 
3 X/WK
14 weeks
Treadmill 42.7 ± 6.1
38.1 ± 3.8
49.6 ± 3.7
44.8 ± 1.3
Yes 2.79
Ikblom, 196926 6 M 11 Interval running
45 min 
4-5 X/WK
6 or 26 months
Treadmill (6 mo) 
53.9 ± 6.2
(26 mo) 
55.9 ± 8.9
59.4 ± 6.3
57.5 ± 3.6
Yes 2.0
0.97
Gilliam & Greedson, 198027 11 M 7-9 Interval training 
4 X/WK 
12 weeks
Cycle 48.1 ± 3.3 47.9 ± 2.9 Yes 0.0
Koch & Eriksson, 197328 9 M 11-13 Interval running
16 weeks
Cycle 41.7 ± 6.5 48.1 ± 5.0 No 1.10
Lussier & Buskirk, 197729 16 M & F 8-12 Running
4 X/WK
12 weeks
Treadmill 45.6 ± 3.9 48.4 ± 2.3 Yes 0.47
Massicotte & Macnab, 197430 27 M 11-13 Cycling, 12 min, 3 X/WK
(T1) @ HR = 170-180 b/min
(T2) @ HR = 150-160 b/min
(T3) @ HR = 130-140 b/min
Cycle 44.2 ± 3.1
44.2 ± 3.1
44.2 ± 3.1
51.8 ± 6.0
48.0 ± 6.0
48.2 ± 3.6
Yes 2.54
1.20
1.29
Mocellin & Wasmund, 197331 14 M, 15 F
11 M, 13 F
8.8-10.3
7.6-9.4
1000 m run 
2 X/WK
800 m run 1X/WK
6 weeks
Cycle (M) 54.2 ± 5.9
(F) 47.3 ± 7.9
(M) 51.8 ± 4.2
(F) 44.8 ± 5.4
55.9 ± 5.2
48.9 ± 7.1
52.9 ± 5.0
46.4 ± 8.2
No 0.30
0.21
0.24
0.14
Rowland & Boyajian, 199532 13 M
24 F
10.9-12.8 Aerobic activity 30 min
3 X/WK
12 weeks
Treadmill 44.7 ± 5.8 47.6 ± 6.4 No 0.54
Stewart & Gutin, 197633 13 M 10-12 Interval running
40 min
4 X/WK
8 weeks
Treadmill 49.8 ± 6.1 49.5 ± 6.1 Yes 0.1
Sundberg & Elovainio, 198234 34 M 12-16 Running 40-100 km/WK 8 weeks Cycle (12 yr) 
51.1 ± 6.2
(14 yr) 
56.0 ± 5.1
(16 yr) 
56.1 ± 5.2
59.3 ± 6.2
63.7 ± 4.8
66.4 ± 6.0
Yes 1.32
1.51
1.98
Vaccaro & Clarke, 197835 3 M
12 F
9-11 Swimming 3000-10,000 yd/WK Treadmill 47.3 ± 8.2 55.4 ± 6.9 Yes 1.00
Yoshida, Ishiko, & Muroka, 198036 30 M
27 F
5 750-1500 m run
(a) 1 X/WK
(b) 5 X/WK
14 months
Treadmill 43.5 ± 4.9
42.1 ± 5.2
41.6 ±6.3
38.9 ± 4.3
Yes -0.93
-1.86
Yoshizawa, 
et al., 199037
12 M 5-6 915 m run
6 X/WK
6 months
Treadmill 47.6 ± 1.3 50.4 ± 2.1 Yes 0.24