Anatomy & Physiology Outline, Images, and Blackboard

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BIO 2110 & 2120

Vertebrate Anatomy/Physiology

I. Introduction

A. Course Mechanics

1. Syllabus Review

a. Staff

i. Dr. C: Sci 2131 (gcizadlo@css.edu)
ii. Greg Bown: Sci 2230 (723-6063; gbown@css.edu)

iii. Lynnae Wilke: Sci 2126 (723-6611; lwilke2@css.edu)

2. Texts

a. Fox, Stuart: Human Physiology.
b. Netter, Frank: Atlas of Human Anatomy.
c. Experiments in Mammalian Physiology

d. Course Packet

3. Evaluation

a. Objectives
b. Grades

c. Make-Up Tests

4. Assistance

a. WebCT

b. Recordings

5. Lab: Sci 2232 and Sci 2211

a. Switching

b. Schedule

6. Anatomy & Physiology Integration

B. Body Organization

1. Purpose

2. Levels

a. Cellular

b. Tissue

c. Organ

d. System

e. Organismal

f. Population

3. Anatomic Terms

a. Body Cavities

i.Ventral

(a). Thoracic

(b). Abdominopelvic

ii.Dorsal

(a). Cranial

(b). Spinal

b. Directions

i.Superior/Inferior

ii.Anterior/Posterior

iii. Medial/Lateral

iv.Proximal/Distal

c. Planes

i.Sagittal

ii.Coronal (Frontal)

iii.Transverse

iv. Oblique

d. Anatomic Position

C. Cell Functions

1. Transform Energy

2. Store/Retrieve Information

3. Synthesis

4. Storage

5. Ingest/Process Particles

6. Communication

7. Movement

8. Molecular Segregation/Transport

D. Tissues

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Nerve

II. Nervous Tissue

A. Introduction

1. Function: Integration

2. Location: CNS & PNS

B.Cells

1.Schwann Cells

a.Location

b.Structure

c.Function

d.Nodes of Ranvier

2.Glial Cells

a.Location

b.Types

3.Neurons

a.Function

b.Structure

i.Cell Body

ii.Dendrites

iii.Axons

c.Membrane

i.Proteins

ii.Na-K Pump

iii.Membrane (Resting) Potential

iv.Action Potential

v.Neuron-to-neuron Transmission

(a). Neurotransmitters

(b). Reception

(c). Excitation/Inhibition

d.Stimulus Strength

(a). Temporal Summation

(b). Spatial Summation

e.Sensory Reception

f.Myoneural Junction

III. Muscle Tissue

A.Introduction

1.Specialization

2.Activities

3.Amount

B.Skeletal Muscle

1.Cells

a.Description

b.T-tubules

c.Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

d.Mitochondria

e.Nuclei

2.Contraction Mechanism

a.Actin-Myosin Interaction

b.Control

3.Motor Units

4.Initial Length vs. Force

5.Contraction Smoothness

6.Maximum Force

7.Muscle Cramps

C.Smooth Muscle

1.Locations/Role

2.Cells

a.Description

b.Intercellular Arrangements

c.Source of Calcium

d.Membrane Potential

3.Innervation: Autonomic N.S.

a.Inherent Rhythmicity Adjustment

b.Structural Divisions

c.Sympathetic N.S. Role

d.Parasympathetic N.S. Role

e.Effect of Transmitters

D.Cardiac Muscle

1.Cells

2.Inherent Rhythmicity

3.Innervation

IV. Fluid Circulation

A.The Heart

1.Location

2.Layers/Coverings

3.Pattern of Circulation

4.Chambers

a.Right Atrium

b.Right Ventricle

c.Left Atrium

d.Left Ventricle

5.Valves

a.Purpose

b.Control

c.AV Valves

d.SL Valves

6.Electrical System

a.SA Node

b.Atrial Conduction

c.AV Node

i.Location

ii.Function

d.Bundle of His

e.Cell-to-cell

B.Vasculature

1.Vessel Construction

a.Layers

b.Arterial Specializations

i.Tissue

ii.Energy Absorption

iii.Cross-Sectional Area

iv.Total Volume

c.Arterioles

i.Tissue

ii.Control Function

d.Capillaries

i.Construction

ii.Fluid Passage

e.Veins

i.Construction

ii.Volume

iii.Reservoir Function

iv.Venous Pumps

2.Lymph Circulation

a.Lymph Capillaries

b.Collecting Lymphatics

i.Description

ii.Lymph Nodes

iii.Destination

c.Purpose of Lymph Circulation

d.Flow

i.Sources of Pressure

(a). ISF Pressure

(b). Intrinsic Pumping

(c). Extrinsic Pumping

ii.Extent

C.Cardiovascular Integration

1.Introduction: feedback loops

2.Sensors

a.Baroreceptors

b.Chemoreceptors

c.Stretch Receptors

3.Afferent Pathways

4.Integration Center

5.Efferent Pathways

a.Parasympathetic

b.Sympathetic

D.The Cardiac Cycle

1.Pressure Curve

a.Atrial Pressure

b.Ventricular Pressure

c.Arterial Pressure

2.Valvular Closure

3.Heart Sounds

E.Cardiac Blood Flow

1.Cardiac Output

a.Meaning

b.Cardiac Index

2.Stroke Volume Output

3.Control

a.Venous Return

b.Contractility

F.Peripheral Flow

1.Principles

a.Formula

b.Mean Systemic Filling Pressure

c.Resistance

i.Vessel Diameter

ii.Viscosity

iii. Length

d.Poiseuille’s Law

2.Flow Distribution

a.Introduction

b.Extrinsic Control

i.Cardiac Output

ii.Sympathetic Stimulation

iii.Humoral Agents

c. Intrinsic Control

3.Control of Cardiac Output

4.Pressure Pulses

a.Meaning

b.Damping

5.Pulse Pressure

a.Definition

b.Factors

6.Arterial Pressure Regulation

a.Nervous Mechanisms

b.Capillary Fluid Shift

c.Blood Volume

d.Hormonal Regulation

i.Renin/Angiotensin

ii.Aldosterone

7.Skin Blood Flow

a.And Temperature Regulation

b.Mechanism

c.Extreme Cold

V. Body Defense

A.Introduction

1.Purpose

a.To Prevent Invasion

b.To Remove Foreign Material

2.Cellular Components

3.Types of Defense

a.Phagocytosis (Physical)

b.Immune Response (Chemical)

4.Reticuloendothelial (RE) System

5.Recognition

a.Necessity

b.Antigens

c.Failure: Autoimmunity

B.Phagocytic Defense

1.Cells

a.Blood

b.Tissue

2.Tissue Locations

a.Connective Tissue

b.Lymph Nodes

c.Lung Tissue

d.Liver Sinuses

e.Bone Marrow

f.Spleen

C.Immune Defense

1.Introduction

a.Repeated Exposures

b.Foreign Material

c.Response

i.Humoral

ii.Cellular

2.Lymphoid Tissue

a.Source of Immunity

b.Major Locations

c.Development

i.Lymphocyte Origin

ii.Role of Thymus

iii.Bursa

iv.“Seeding”

v.“Clones”

3.Humoral Immunity

a.Producer

i.Plasma Cells

ii.Timing

b.Antibodies

i.Names

ii.Structure

iii.Actions

(a). Direct

(b). Complement Activation

(c). Mast Cell Activation

4.Cellular Immunity

a.Production

b.Action

i.Direct

ii.Indirect

VI. Urinary System

A.Introduction

1.Components

2.Functions

a.Excretory

b.Endocrine

B.Anatomy

1.Gross

a.Location

b.Capsule

c.Pararenal Fat

d.Hilum

2.Internal Structure

a.Coronal Section

i.Sinus

ii.Pelvis

iii.Lobes

iv.Lobe Construction

(a). Medulla

(b). Cortex

(c). Pyramids

b.Vasculature

i.Renal Artery

ii.Interlobar Arteries

iii.Arcuate Arteries

iv.Interlobular Arteries

v.Afferent Arterioles

vi.Glomerulus

vii.Efferent Arterioles

viii.Peritubular Capillaries

ix.Veins

Microscopic Anatomy: Neuphron

Renal Corpuscule
Development
Podocytes

Renal Tubules
Proximal Tubule
Loop of Henle
Distal tubule
Collecting Ducts

Peritubular Capillaries

Nephron Function

1) Glomerular Filtration
a. Membrane
b. Endothelium
c. Basal Lamina
d. Podocyte Slit Pores

2) Dynamics
a. Total Blood Flow
b. Pressure
c. Composition
d. Glomerular Filtration Rate

3) Tubular Reabsorption
a. Basic Idea
b. Active transport
c. Passive Transport
i Water
ii Solutes
d. Amounts

4) Secretion
a. Basic Idea
b. Substances

5) Regulation

a. Autoregulation of GFR

i Observation
ii Necessity

b. Controller: JGA

i Location
ii Function

C. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
1) Source
2) Control
3) Thirst
4) Action
5) Urine Concentration
IX. Acid-Base Balance

A. Introduction

1.Necessity

2.Result of Upset

3.Range

a.Normal

b.Acidosis

c.Alkalosis

B.Relationship to Carbon Dioxide

1.Carbonic Anhydrase Reaction

2.Usefulness

3.Respiratory vs. Metabolic Acids

4.Relationship to Respiration

C.Regulation of [H+]

1.Chemical Buffers

a.Bicarbonate

i.Action

ii.Components

iii.Additions

Strong Acids

Strong Bases

b.Phosphate

i.Action

ii.Components

c.Proteins

i.Action

d.Importance

2.Respiration

a.Relation to Buffers

b.Action

3.Renal Regulation

a.Mechanism

b.Tubular [H+] & Ammonia

c.Importance

X.Gas Exchange

A.Anatomic Factors

1.Introduction

a.Purpose

b.Construction

2.Passageway

a.Nose

i.Function

ii.Lining

iii.Cilia

iv.Filtration

v.Warming

vi.Humidification

b.Pharynx

i.Description/Divisions

ii.Contraction

c.Larynx

i.Description

ii.Glottis

iii.Swallowing

d.Trachea

i.Description

ii.Branching

e.Bronchi

i.Symmetry

f.Post-Mainstem Bronchi

i. Lobar

ii. Segmental

iii.Terminal Bronchioles

g.The Acinus

i.The Functional Unit

ii.Components

Respiratory Bronchioles

Alveolar Ducts

Terminal Alveolar Sacs

iii.Alveolus

Description

Number/SA

Surface Tension

3.Thoracic Cavity

a.Lungs

i.Location

ii.Hilus

iii.Divisions

iv.Pleura

v.Diaphragm

b.Lung Circulation

i.Bronchial Circulation

ii.Pulmonary Circulation

Purpose

Pathway

Pressures

“Dry” Alveoli

c.Ventilatory Mechanics

i.Static Volumes

Meaning

Tidal Volume

Vital Capacity

Residual Volume

Fx Residual Capacity

Dead Space

ii.Dynamic Volumes

Minute Volume

Alveolar Ventilation

iii.Work of Breathing

Elastic Resistance/Compliance

Non-Elastic Resistance

iv.Muscular Mechanisms

Inspiration

Expiration

v.Nervous Control

Circuits

CO2/H+

B.Physiology of Exchange

1.Ventilation

a.Meaning

b.Steps

2.Gas Transport

a.Diffusion

i.Role

ii.Partial Pressures

b.Oxygen

i.Atmospheric pO2

ii.Alveolar/Arterial pO2

iii.Venous pO2

c.Carbon Dioxide

i.Tissue/Venous pCO2

ii.Alveolar/Arterial pCO2

iii.Atmospheric pCO2

d.Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio

i.Meaning

ii.Abnormalities (Extremes)

Dead Space Units

Shunt Units

iii.Result of Abnormalities

3.Transport in Blood

a.Oxygen

i.Dissolved

ii.Hemoglobin

iii.Utilization Coefficient

iv.Oxy-Hb Dissociation Curve

v.Shifts

vi.Carbon Monoxide

b.Carbon Dioxide

i.Dissolved

ii.Carbaminohemoglobin

iii.Bicarbonate

iv.Saturation

Digestion

C.Introduction

1.Actions

2.Layers of Tract

a.Mucosa

b.Submucosa

c.Muscularis

d.Serosa

D.Components

1.Oral Cavity

a.Tongue

b.Taste Buds

c.Saliva

i.Function

ii.Sources

Buccal Glands

Parotid Glands

Submandibular Glands

Sublingual Glands

iii.Quantity

iv.Composition

Water/Solute

Salts

Urea/Uric Acid

Mucin

Salivary Amylase

v.Control

Center

Stimuli

Stages

2.Esophagus

a.Description

b.Sphincters

c.Histology

d.Circulation

e.Swallowing

i.Initiation

ii.Nasopharynx Closure

iii.Laryngeal Elevation

iv.Primary Peristalsis

v.Secondary Peristalsis

3.Stomach

a.Anatomy

i.Sphincters

Cardiac

Pyloric

ii.Histology

b.Secretions

i.Mucus

ii.Enzymes

iii.HCl

iv.Gastrin

c.Innervation

d.Physiology

i.Motor Functions

Reservoir Function

Mixing Function

Emptying Function

ii.Control of Secretions

Cephalic Phase

Gastric Phase

Intestinal Phase

Interdigestive Phase

4.Small Intestine

a.Structure

i.Description

ii.Divisions

Duodenum

Jejunum

Ileum

iii.Mesentery

iv.Structural Modifications

Plica Circularis

Villi

Microvilli

v.Villus

vi.Innervation

b.Functional Considerations

i.General Process

Pancreatic Secretions

Bile

ii.Digestive Enzymes

iii.Absorption

5.Large Intestine

a.Structural Considerations

i.Description

ii.Divisions

Cecum

Colon

Rectum

iii.Histology

Muscularis

Mucosa

Glands

iv.Circulation

b.Functional Considerations

i.Major Function

ii.Secondary Function

iii.Secretion

iv.Putrefaction

v.Movements

Haustral Churning

Slow Peristalsis

Mass Peristalsis

Defecation

6.Liver

a. Description

b. Microscopic Structure

BIO2110

Audio Blackboards
Lecture audio and images

Fall, 08-09

September 3, 2008

September 5, 2008

Fall, 07-08