BIO 2110 & 2120: Vertebrate Anatomy/Physiology
I. Introduction
A. Course Mechanics
1. Syllabus Review
a. Staff
i. Dr. C: Sci 2131 (gcizadlo@css.edu)
ii. Greg Bown: Sci 2230
(723-6063; gbown@css.edu)
iii. Halie Higgins: Sci
2126 (723-6611; hhiggins@css.edu).
2. Texts
a. Fox, Stuart: Human Physiology.
b. Netter, Frank: Atlas of Human Anatomy
3. Evaluation
a. Objectives
b. Grades
c. Make-Up Tests
4. Assistance
a. WebCT
b. Recordings
5. Lab: Sci 2232 and Sci
2211
a. Switching
b. Schedule
6. Anatomy & Physiology Integration
B. Body Organization
1. Purpose
2. Levels
a. Cellular
b. Tissue
c. Organ
d. System
e. Organismal
f. Population
3. Anatomic Terms
a. Body Cavities
i. Ventral
(a). Thoracic
(b). Abdominopelvic
ii. Dorsal
(a). Cranial
(b). Spinal
b. Directions
i.Superior/Inferior
ii.Anterior/Posterior
iii. Medial/Lateral
iv.Proximal/Distal
c. Planes
i.Sagittal
ii.Coronal (Frontal)
iii.Transverse
iv. Oblique
d. Anatomic Position
C. Cell Functions
1. Transform Energy
2. Store/Retrieve Information
3. Synthesis
4. Storage
5. Ingest/Process Particles
6. Communication
7. Movement
8. Molecular Segregation/Transport
D. Tissues
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nerve
II. Nervous Tissue
A. Introduction
1. Function: Integration
2. Location: CNS & PNS
B.Cells
1.Schwann Cells
a.Location
b.Structure
c.Function
d.Nodes of Ranvier
2.Glial Cells
a.Location
b.Types
3.Neurons
a.Function
b.Structure
i.Cell Body
ii.Dendrites
iii.Axons
c.Membrane
i.Proteins
ii.Na-K Pump
iii.Membrane (Resting) Potential
iv.Action Potential
v.Neuron-to-neuron Transmission
(a). Neurotransmitters
(b). Reception
(c). Excitation/Inhibition
d.Stimulus Strength
(a). Temporal Summation
(b). Spatial Summation
e.Sensory Reception
f.Myoneural Junction
III. Muscle Tissue
A.Introduction
1.Specialization
2.Activities
3.Amount
B.Skeletal Muscle
1.Cells
a.Description
b.T-tubules
c.Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
d.Mitochondria
e.Nuclei
2.Contraction Mechanism
a.Actin-Myosin Interaction
b.Control
3.Motor Units
4.Initial Length vs. Force
5.Contraction Smoothness
6.Maximum Force
7.Muscle Cramps
C.Smooth Muscle
1.Locations/Role
2.Cells
a.Description
b.Intercellular Arrangements
c.Source of Calcium
d.Membrane Potential
3.Innervation: Autonomic N.S.
a.Inherent Rhythmicity
Adjustment
b.Structural Divisions
c.Sympathetic N.S. Role
d.Parasympathetic N.S. Role
e.Effect of Transmitters
D.Cardiac Muscle
1.Cells
2.Inherent Rhythmicity
3.Innervation
IV. Fluid Circulation
A.The Heart
1.Location
2.Layers/Coverings
3.Pattern of Circulation
4.Chambers
a.Right Atrium
b.Right Ventricle
c.Left Atrium
d.Left Ventricle
5.Valves
a.Purpose
b.Control
c.AV Valves
d.SL Valves
6.Electrical System
a.SA Node
b.Atrial Conduction
c.AV Node
i.Location
ii.Function
d.Bundle of His
e.Cell-to-cell
B.Vasculature
1.Vessel Construction
a.Layers
b.Arterial Specializations
i.Tissue
ii.Energy Absorption
iii.Cross-Sectional Area
iv.Total Volume
c.Arterioles
i.Tissue
ii.Control Function
d.Capillaries
i.Construction
ii.Fluid Passage
e.Veins
i.Construction
ii.Volume
iii.Reservoir Function
iv.Venous Pumps
2.Lymph Circulation
a.Lymph Capillaries
b.Collecting Lymphatics
i.Description
ii.Lymph Nodes
iii.Destination
c.Purpose of Lymph Circulation
d.Flow
i.Sources of Pressure
(a). ISF Pressure
(b). Intrinsic Pumping
(c). Extrinsic Pumping
ii.Extent
C.Cardiovascular Integration
1.Introduction: feedback loops
2.Sensors
a.Baroreceptors
b.Chemoreceptors
c.Stretch Receptors
3.Afferent Pathways
4.Integration Center
5.Efferent Pathways
a.Parasympathetic
b.Sympathetic
D.The Cardiac Cycle
1.Pressure Curve
a.Atrial Pressure
b.Ventricular Pressure
c.Arterial Pressure
2.Valvular Closure
3.Heart Sounds
E.Cardiac Blood Flow
1.Cardiac Output
a.Meaning
b.Cardiac Index
2.Stroke Volume Output
3.Control
a.Venous Return
b.Contractility
F.Peripheral Flow
1.Principles
a.Formula
b.Mean Systemic Filling Pressure
c.Resistance
i.Vessel Diameter
ii.Viscosity
iii. Length
d.Poiseuille's Law
2.Flow Distribution
a.Introduction
b.Extrinsic Control
i.Cardiac Output
ii.Sympathetic Stimulation
iii.Humoral Agents
c. Intrinsic Control
3.Control of Cardiac Output
4.Pressure Pulses
a.Meaning
b.Damping
5.Pulse Pressure
a.Definition
b.Factors
6.Arterial Pressure Regulation
a.Nervous Mechanisms
b.Capillary Fluid Shift
c.Blood Volume
d.Hormonal Regulation
i.Renin/Angiotensin
ii.Aldosterone
7.Skin Blood Flow
a.And Temperature Regulation
b.Mechanism
c.Extreme Cold
V. Body Defense
A.Introduction
1.Purpose
a.To Prevent Invasion
b.To Remove Foreign Material
2.Cellular Components
3.Types of Defense
a.Phagocytosis (Physical)
b.Immune Response (Chemical)
4.Reticuloendothelial (RE) System
5.Recognition
a.Necessity
b.Antigens
c.Failure: Autoimmunity
B.Phagocytic Defense
1.Cells
a.Blood
b.Tissue
2.Tissue Locations
a.Connective Tissue
b.Lymph Nodes
c.Lung Tissue
d.Liver Sinuses
e.Bone Marrow
f.Spleen
C.Immune Defense
1.Introduction
a.Repeated Exposures
b.Foreign Material
c.Response
i.Humoral
ii.Cellular
2.Lymphoid Tissue
a.Source of Immunity
b.Major Locations
c.Development
i.Lymphocyte Origin
ii.Role of Thymus
iii.Bursa
iv."Seeding"
v."Clones"
3.Humoral Immunity
a.Producer
i.Plasma Cells
ii.Timing
b.Antibodies
i.Names
ii.Structure
iii.Actions
(a). Direct
(b). Complement Activation
(c). Mast Cell Activation
4.Cellular Immunity
a.Production
b.Action
i.Direct
ii.Indirect
VI. Urinary System
A.Introduction
1.Components
2.Functions
a.Excretory
b.Endocrine
B.Anatomy
1.Gross
a.Location
b.Capsule
c.Pararenal Fat
d.Hilum
2.Internal Structure
a.Coronal Section
i.Sinus
ii.Pelvis
iii.Lobes
iv.Lobe Construction
(a). Medulla
(b). Cortex
(c). Pyramids
b.Vasculature
i.Renal Artery
ii.Interlobar Arteries
iii.Arcuate Arteries
iv.Interlobular Arteries
v.Afferent Arterioles
vi.Glomerulus
vii.Efferent Arterioles
viii.Peritubular Capillaries
ix.Veins
3. Microscopic Anatomy: Neuphron
a. Renal Corpuscule
b. Development
c. Podocytes
d. Renal Tubules
i. Proximal Tubule
ii. Loop of Henle
iii. Distal tubule
iv. Collecting Ducts
e. Peritubular Capillaries
C. Nephron Function
a. Glomerular Filtration
i. Membrane
ii. Endothelium
iii. Basal Lamina
iv. Podocyte Slit Pores
b. Dynamics
i. Total Blood Flow
ii. Pressure
iii. Composition
iv. Glomerular Filtration Rate
c.Tubular Reabsorption
i. Basic Idea
ii. Active transport
iii. Passive Transport
1) Water
2) Solutes
3) Amounts
d. Secretion
i. Basic Idea
ii. Substances
D. Regulation
a. Autoregulation of GFR
i. Observation
ii. Necessity
b. Controller: JGA
i. Location
ii. Function
c. Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
i. Source
ii. Control
iii.Thirst
iv. Action
v. Urine Concentration
IX. Acid-Base Balance
A. Introduction
1.Necessity
2.Result of Upset
3.Range
a.Normal
b.Acidosis
c.Alkalosis
B.Relationship to Carbon Dioxide
1.Carbonic Anhydrase Reaction
2.Usefulness
3.Respiratory vs. Metabolic Acids
4.Relationship to Respiration
C.Regulation of [H+]
1.Chemical Buffers
a.Bicarbonate
i.Action
ii.Components
iii.Additions
1)Strong Acids
2) Strong Bases
b.Phosphate
i.Action
ii.Components
c.Proteins
i.Action
d.Importance
2.Respiration
a.Relation to Buffers
b.Action
3.Renal Regulation
a.Mechanism
b.Tubular [H+] & Ammonia
c.Importance
X.Gas Exchange
A.Anatomic Factors
1.Introduction
a.Purpose
b.Construction
2.Passageway
a.Nose
i.Function
ii.Lining
iii.Cilia
iv.Filtration
v.Warming
vi.Humidification
b.Pharynx
i.Description/Divisions
ii.Contraction
c.Larynx
i.Description
ii.Glottis
iii.Swallowing
d.Trachea
i.Description
ii.Branching
e.Bronchi
i.Symmetry
f.Post-Mainstem Bronchi
i. Lobar
ii. Segmental
iii.Terminal Bronchioles
g.The Acinus
i.The Functional Unit
ii.Components
1) Respiratory Bronchioles
2) Alveolar Ducts
3) Terminal Alveolar Sacs
iii.Alveolus
1) Description
2) Number/SA
3) Surface Tension
3.Thoracic Cavity
a.Lungs
i.Location
ii.Hilus
iii.Divisions
iv.Pleura
v.Diaphragm
b.Lung Circulation
i.Bronchial Circulation
ii.Pulmonary Circulation
1) Purpose
2) Pathway
3) Pressures
4) "Dry" Alveoli
c.Ventilatory Mechanics
i.Static Volumes
1) Meaning
2) Tidal Volume
3) Vital Capacity
4) Residual Volume
5) Fx Residual Capacity
6) Dead Space
ii.Dynamic Volumes
1) Minute Volume
2) Alveolar Ventilation
iii.Work of Breathing
1) Elastic Resistance/Compliance
2) Non-Elastic Resistance
iv.Muscular Mechanisms
1) Inspiration
2) Expiration
v.Nervous Control
1) Circuits
2) CO2/H+
3) O2
B.Physiology of Exchange
1.Ventilation
a.Meaning
b.Steps
2.Gas Transport
a.Diffusion
i.Role
ii.Partial Pressures
b.Oxygen
i.Atmospheric pO2
ii.Alveolar/Arterial pO2
iii.Venous pO2
c.Carbon Dioxide
i.Tissue/Venous pCO2
ii.Alveolar/Arterial pCO2
iii.Atmospheric pCO2
d.Ventilation/Perfusion Ratio
i.Meaning
ii.Abnormalities (Extremes)
1) Dead Space Units
2) Shunt Units
iii.Result of Abnormalities
3.Transport in Blood
a.Oxygen
i.Dissolved
ii.Hemoglobin
iii.Utilization Coefficient
iv.Oxy-Hb Dissociation Curve
v.Shifts
vi.Carbon Monoxide
b.Carbon Dioxide
i.Dissolved
ii.Carbaminohemoglobin
iii.Bicarbonate
iv.Saturation
XI. Digestion
A.Introduction
1.Actions
2.Layers of Tract
a.Mucosa
b.Submucosa
c.Muscularis
d.Serosa
B.Components
1.Oral Cavity
a.Tongue
b.Taste Buds
c.Saliva
i.Function
ii.Sources
1) Buccal Glands
2) Parotid Glands
3) Submandibular Glands
4)Sublingual Glands
iii.Quantity
iv.Composition
1) Water/Solute
2) Salts
3) Urea/Uric Acid
4) Mucin
5) Salivary Amylase
v.Control
1) Center
2) Stimuli
3) Stages
2.Esophagus
a.Description
b.Sphincters
c.Histology
d.Circulation
e.Swallowing
i.Initiation
ii.Nasopharynx Closure
iii.Laryngeal Elevation
iv.Primary Peristalsis
v.Secondary Peristalsis
3.Stomach
a.Anatomy
i.Sphincters
1) Cardiac
2) Pyloric
ii.Histology
b.Secretions
i.Mucus
ii.Enzymes
iii.HCl
iv.Gastrin
c.Innervation
d.Physiology
i.Motor Functions
1) Reservoir Function
2) Mixing Function
3) Emptying Function
ii.Control of Secretions
1) Cephalic Phase
2) Gastric Phase
3) Intestinal Phase
4) Interdigestive Phase
4.Small Intestine
a.Structure
i.Description
ii.Divisions
1) Duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Ileum
iii.Mesentery
iv.Structural Modifications
1) Plica Circularis
2) Villi
3) Microvilli
v.Villus
vi.Innervation
b.Functional Considerations
i.General Process
1) Pancreatic Secretions
2) Bile
ii.Digestive Enzymes
iii.Absorption
5.Large Intestine
a.Structural Considerations
i.Description
ii.Divisions
1) Cecum
2) Colon
3) Rectum
iii.Histology
1) Muscularis
2) Mucosa
3) Glands
iv.Circulation
b.Functional Considerations
i.Major Function
ii.Secondary Function
iii.Secretion
iv.Putrefaction
v.Movements
1) Haustral Churning
2) Slow Peristalsis
3) Mass Peristalsis
4) Defecation
6.Liver
a. Description
b. Microscopic Structure
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Lecture audio and images
Fall & Spring 2011-12
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Fall, 09-10
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September
11, 2009
September
14, 2009
September
16, 2009
September
18, 2009
September
21, 2009
September
23, 2009
September
28, 2009
September
30, 2009
October
2, 2009
October
5, 2009
October
9, 2009
October
12, 2009
October
14, 2009
October
19, 2009
October
21, 2009
October
23, 2009
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26, 2009
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28, 2009
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30, 2009
November
4, 2009
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9, 2009
November
11, 2009
November
13, 2009
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18, 2009
November
20, 2009
November
23, 2009
November
30, 2009
December
2, 2009
December
7, 2009
December
9, 2009
December
11, 2009
December
14, 2009
December
16, 2009
Spring, 09-10
January
20, 2010
January
22, 2010
January
25, 2010
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27, 2010
January
29, 2010
February
1, 2010
February
3, 2010
February
8, 2010
February
10, 2010
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12, 2010
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15, 2010
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17, 2010
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19, 2010
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22, 2010
March
01, 2010
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3, 2010
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5, 2010
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8, 2010
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10, 2010
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12, 2010
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22, 2010
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24, 2010
March
29, 2010
March
31, 2010
April
7, 2010
April
9, 2010
April
12, 2010
April
14, 2010
April
21, 2010
April
26, 2010
April
28, 2010
April
30, 2010
May
3, 2010
May
5, 2010
May
7, 2010
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September
3, 2008
September
5, 2008
September
8, 2008
September
10, 2008
September
12, 2008
September
15, 2008
September
17, 2008
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22, 2008
September
24, 2008
September
26, 2008
September
29, 2008
October
3, 2008
October
6, 2008
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8, 2008
October
13, 2008
October
15, 2008
October
17, 2008
October
20, 2008
October
22, 2008
October
24, 2008
October
29, 2008
November
03, 2008
November
05, 2008
November
07, 2008
November
10, 2008
November
12, 2008
November
14, 2008
November
17, 2008
November
19, 2008
November
24, 2008
December
01, 2008
December
03, 2008
December
05, 2008
December
08, 2008
December
10, 2008
December
12, 2008
Spring, 08-09
January
12, 2009
January
14, 2009
January
16, 2009
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21, 2009
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23, 2009
January
26, 2009
January
28, 2009
February
2, 2009
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4, 2009
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6, 2009
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9, 2009
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11, 2009
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13, 2009
February
16, 2009
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18, 2009
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23, 2009
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27, 2009
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2, 2009
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4, 2009
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March
16, 2009
March
18, 2009
March
23, 2009
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25, 2009
March
27, 2009
March
30, 2009
April
1, 2009
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3, 2009
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6, 2009
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8, 2009
April
15, 2009
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20, 2009
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22, 2009
April
24, 2009
April
27, 2009
April
29, 2009
May
1, 2009
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