BIO 4210/5210 Advanced Physiology I. Introduction A. The Basis for Physiology 1. The
Metabolic Machine a. What is
Metabolism? b. What is a
machine? c. What
are the components? i. The biochemical categories ii. Enzymes d. How are they
arranged? i. …as parts of membranes ii. …within compartments iii. …free e. Water 2. Transport a. Bulk i. Endocytosis ii. Exocytosis b. Molecular c. Diffusion i. Definition ii. Net Diffusion iii. Factors d. Water e. Ions 3. Resting
Potential a. Introduction b. Charge Gradient
Development i. Na-K Pump ii. Role of Potassium (a).
Pumping (b).
Diffusion (c).
Balance (d).
Nernst Equation iii. Role of Sodium (a).
Pumping (b).
Forces (c).
Membrane Permeability 4. Action
Potential a. Definition b. Voltage Gates i. Description ii. Na+ Voltage
Gates c. AP Events d. Recording:
Oscilloscope i. Description ii. Use e. Myelin i. Definition ii. Role of Nodes iii.De-myelinating Disease 5. Synapses a. Types i. Electrical ii. Chemical b. Myoneural
Junction i. Initiation ii. ACH in Cleft iii.Receptors iv. ACH Degradation v. Choline Re-use c. Neuronal
Synapses i. Physical Nature ii. Termination of Action iii. Role of Axon Hillock d. Neuronal
Integration i. EPSP vs.
IPSP ii. Synapse Types (a).
One-to-one (b).
One-to-many (c).
Many-to-one iii. Summation (a).
Spatial (b).
Temporal iv. Modulation of
Activity (a).
Facilitation (b).
Post-tetantic Potentiation (c).
Long-term Potentiation e.
Neurotransmitters i. Acetylcholine ii. Biogenic Amines iii. Amino Acids iv. Neuroactive Peptides II. The Nervous System A. Introduction to the
Nervous System 1. Components a. Purpose b. In General c.
Microscopic 2. Divisions a. Peripheral
Nervous System i. Components (a).
Sensory Components (b).
Somatic Motor Components (c).
Autonomic Motor Components b. Central Nervous
System i. Actions ii. Parts iii. Environment Control (a).
Blood-Brain Barrier (b).
Cerebrospinal Fluid
Location
Function
Formation
Volume
Composition B. The Peripheral N.S. 1. Sensory
Components a. Types of
Receptors b. Funcional
Considerations i. Transduction ii. Adaptation iii. Receptive Fields iv. Coding of Stimuli (a).
Modality (b).
Spatial Location (c).
Intensity c.
Conduction Velocity 2. Motor
Components a. Motor Neurons b. Motor Nuclei c. Motor
Units d. “Final Common
Pathway” e. Gamma
Motoneurons C. Somatosensory
Components 1. Pathways a. First Order:
Primary Afferents b. Second Order c. Third
Order d. Fourth Order 2. Receptors a. Cutaneous i. Mechanoreceptors ii. Thermoreceptors iii. Nociceptors b.
Muscle/Joint/Viseral i. Muscle ii. Joints iii. Viscera D. Spinal Motor Function 1. Cord
Transection a. Result: Spinal
Shock i. Initial Events ii. Later Events 2. Decerebration a. Meaning b. Results 3. Role of Muscle
Sensory Receptors a. Muscle Spindle i. Description ii. Fiber Types iii. Sensory Nerves iv. Motor Supply v. Operation (a).
Extrafusal Contraction (b).
Stretch of Whole Muscle (c).
Static vs. Dynamic Responses (d).
Gamma Efferents 4. Golgi Tendon
Apparatus a. Construction b. Signal 5. Spinal Reflexes a. Definition b. Types i. Myotatic
(Stretch) Reflex ii. Inverse Myotatic
Reflex iii. Flexion Reflex E. Voluntary Motor
Control 1. Introduction a. Initiation of
Movement b. General Process c. Other
Requirements 2. Cortical Motor
Areas a. Primary Motor
Cortex b. Premotor Area c.
Supplementary Motor Cortex d. Frontal Eye
Fields 3. Output of Motor
Areas a. Direct b. Indirect 4. Sensory
Feedback 5. Role of
Cerebellum a. Input b. Ouput c. Motor
Learning d. Damage i. Dysmetria ii. Decomposition of
Movement iii. Intention Tremor iv. Balance Failure v. Pendular Knee Jerk 6. Role of Basal
Ganglia a. Identity b. Function c. Results
of Damage i. Dyskinesias ii. Increased Tone iii. Bradykinesia F. Cerebral
Cortex: Higher Functions 1. Introduction a. Size b. Lobes i. Frontal ii. Parietal iii. Occipital iv. Temporal c.
Phylogenetic Origins of Cortex d. Architecture
and Function 2. The
Electroencephalogram (EEG) a. Description b. Evoked
Potentials i. Description ii. Signal Averaging iii. Usefulness c. Patterns d. Sleep i. Circadian
Rhythms ii. And EEG (a).
Awake (b).
Falling Asleep (c).
Characteristics of Stage 4 (d).
REM Sleep iii. Sleep Mechanism 3. Language and
Cerebral Dominance a. Dominant
Hemisphere b. Areas Involved 4.
Interhemispheric Transfer a. Description b. Experiments 5. Learning a. Definition b. Experiments i. Habituation ii. Long-term Habituation iii. Short-term Sensitization 6. Memory a. Introduction b. Loss c. Location The Respiratory System A. Introduction 1. Respiration a. Definition b. Involved Gases c. Transport 2. Lungs a. Function b. Processes 3. Oxygen
Transport a. Movement b. Amount i. Dissolved ii. Hemoglobin B. Structural Basis 1. Exchange with
Environment a. Pressure
Development b. Lung Expansion c. Air Flow 2. Blood-Alveolar
Exchange a. Alveolar
Surface Area b.
Capillaries 3. Airways a. Bronchi b. Bronchioles c. Blood
Supply d. Innervation 4. Pulmonary
Circulation a. Regulation b. Capillary
Volume i. Size ii. Cap. Length iii. Compression C. Working With Gases 1. Pressure a. Description b. Factors c. Gas Mixtures D. Lung Volumes a. Volumes b. Capacities c. Dead
Space d. Purpose of FRC e. Alveolar
Ventilation f.
Respiratory Exchange Ratio i. Definition ii. Factors iii. At Rest g. Fick Principle Purpose Logic Formula E. Mechanical Properties 1. Statics a. Lungs Terms Compliance Measurement Pressure-Volume Curve Deflation Curve Hysteresis
Fluid-filled Lung Surface
Tension Hemispheres
“Stabilization” The
Solution
Sighing/Yawning b. The Chest Wall Elastic
Recoil at FRC F. Airflow 1. Pressure a. Factors i. Elastic Resistance ii. Airway Resistance 2. Resistance a. General Factors b. Poiseuille’s
Law c.
Turbulence d. Upper vs. Lower
Airways i. Major Source ii. Disease 3. Dynamic Airway Compression a. Inspiration b. Expiration c. Forced
Expiration d. COPD 4. Neurohumoral Regulation a. Parasympathetic i. Vagus ii. Stimulation b. Sympathetic i. Innervation ii. Diffusion c.
Direct-Acting Substances i. Constrictors ii. Dilators d. Dynamics 5. Work of Breathing a. Definitions i. Work ii. Units iii. Power b. One Breath c. Cost i. Muscles ii. Efficiency iii. Further Loss G. Blood Flow 1. Pressure/Resistance a. Pressure i. Basic Idea ii. Values iii. Low Cap Pressure b. Resistance i. Amount ii. Reasons c.
Pressure-Flow Curves i. Data ii. Normal Example (a). Curved Line (b). Exercise (c). Hypoxia 2. Blood Flow a. Measurement b. Right-to-Left
Shunt i. Meaning ii. iii. Abnormal iv. Result v. Estimate c. Flow
Distribution i. Gravity ii. Lungs (a). Height (b). Bottom (c). Top (d). Edema d. Regulation of
Flow i. Resistance Distribution ii. Passive Regulation iii. Active Regulation e. Bronchial
Circulation i. Purpose ii. Amount iii. Bronchial Veins 3. Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio a. Idea b. At Rest c. Extremes d. Graph of
Alveolar Gases H. Gas Transport 1. Oxygen Transport a. Difficulty i. Dissolved ii. Solution to Problem b. Oxy-hemoglobin
Dissociation Curve i. Appearance ii. Sigmoid Shape iii. Factors affecting location c. Myoglobin i. Description ii. Curve d. Carbon Monoxide 2. Oxygen Diffusion a. Lungs i. Factors ii. Time b. Tissues i. Factors ii. Path Length 3. Carbon Dioxide Transport a. Forms b. Carbonic
Anhydrase I. Control of Breathing 1. Central Organization a. Systems i. Metabolic System ii. Behavioral Control System b. Anatomic
Locations i. ii. Nucleus tractus solitarius iii. Nucleus retroambiguus c.
Functional Model d. Chemoreceptors i. Carbon Dioxide (a). Monitors (b). Nature ii. Oxygen (a). Monitor (b). Nature e. Lung Receptors i. Stretch Receptors ii. Irritant Receptors iii. Unmyelinated C Fibers Circulation A. The Heart as a Pump 1. Cardiac Muscle Physiology a. Introduction i. Cell Types ¨ Atrial/Ventricular Muscle ¨ Excitatory/Conductive Fibers ii. Physiologic Anatomy ¨ Cells ¨ Discs ¨ Syncitium b. Action Potentials i. Skeletal Muscle ii. Cardiac Muscle ¨ Gates ¨ K+ Permeability c. Conduction Velocity i. Atrial/Ventricular Muscle ii. Conducting Fibers d. Refractory Period i. Meaning ii. Ventricle iii. Relative RP e. Contraction i. Skeletal Muscle ii. Cardiac Muscle 2. The Cardiac Cycle a. Sequence of Events b. ECG-Pressure Relationships i. P-wave ii. QRS Complex iii. T-wave c. Atrial Pumping i. Venous Flow ii. Atrial Contraction iii. Atrial “Waves” d. Ventricular Pumping i. Filling ii. Emptying ¨ Isovolumic Contraction ¨ Ejection ¨ Isovolumic Relaxation iii. Volumes ¨ End-diastolic ¨ Stroke Volume ¨ End-systolic ¨ Ejection Fraction e. Valves i. AV Valves ¨ Description ¨ Closure ¨ Backflow ii. SL Valves ¨ Description ¨ Closure ¨ Diameter f. Work i. Components ¨ Volume-Pressure Work ¨ Kinetic Energy Work ii. Volume-Pressure Curve ¨ Axes ¨ Lines ¨ Observations ¨ Volume-Pressure Diagram ¨ Work Output iii. Energy ¨ Substrate ¨ Factors of Consumption 3. Regulation of Pumping a. Intrinsic Regulation i. Venous Return ii. Stretch iii. Amount iv. Frank-Starling Law b. Autonomic Control i. Amounts ii. Sympathetic Stimulation iii. Parasympathetic Stimulation B. Excitation 1. Excitatory/Conductive System a. Sino-Atrial Node i. Description ii. Rhythmicity ¨ AP of Nodal Fibers ¨ Self-Excitation b. Internodal/Interatrial Pathways i. Direct ii. Interatrial iii. Internodal c. Atrio-Ventricular Node i. Location ii. Impulse Pathway iii. Slowness d. Purkinje Fibers i. Description ii. Speed iii. Conduction Time e. Backward Transmission f. Ventricular Muscle 2. Control of Excitation a. Pacemakers i. ¨ Others ¨ Dominance ii. Ectopic b. Synchronous Contraction c. Role of Autonomic N.S. i. Parasympathetic ii. Sympathetic C. Circulation 1. Component Overview a. Arteries b. Arterioles c. Capillaries d. Veins 2. Volumes a. Systemic Circulation b. Heart c. Pulmonary Circulation 3. Areas a. Total Cross-Sectional Area b. Velocity of Flow 4. Pressures 5. Circulatory Principles a. Tissue Blood Flow b. Cardiac Output c. Arterial Pressure 6. Ohm’s Law a. Statement b. Flow i. Units ii. Nature ¨ Laminar Flow ¨ Turbulent Flow c. Pressure i. Meaning ii. Measurement d. Resistance i. Description ¨ Meaning ¨ Units ii. Circulatory Resistance ¨ Peripheral Circulation ¨ Pulmonary Circulation iii. Conductance ¨ Definition e. Poiseuille’s Law i. Meaning ii. Formula iii. Radius iv. Viscosity ¨ Plasma ¨ Whole Blood ¨ PCV vs. Viscosity f. Pressure & Resistance i. Pressure and Flow
ii. Result |
BIO
4210/5210 BIO4220/5220
Audio Blackboards Fall,
2009 Spring,
2009 Fall,
2008 Fall,
2007 Fall,
2006 |
